Brendan O’Malley, Ph.D. Newbury College, “How the Irish Shaped Immigrant Politics in Nineteenth-Century New York”
Brendan O’Malley, Ph.D. Newbury College, “How the Irish Shaped Immigrant Politics in Nineteenth-Century New York”
Between 1820 and 1920, about five million Irish crossed the Atlantic. Almost all faced formidable challenges, but the wave of two million arriving between 1845 and 1860 in the wake of the famine encountered especially difficult conditions. Decades of scholarship have documented the hardships of the famine migrants, including crushing poverty, hard labor for low